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The Mansard style originated in France, first conceived by the architect François Mansart (1598-1666). The style became popular in the 1850's in France, and quickly was adopted in England and the United States during the Victorian era.
What defines a Mansard?
The roof is the main characteristic of a Mansard. Mansards have a hip roof with dormer windows. The roof has two pitches - a flatter pitch on top, and a much steeper pitch on the sides. Many original Mansard roofs are slate, but architectural shingles are also used.
The Mansard style became very popular because the roof is very efficient for allowing the top floor to be completely used (at the expense of a full-size attic). According to various sources, buildings in Paris were taxed on their height, as calculated from the ground to the start of the roof. By placing the top floor within the roof, building owners could get an additional floor, tax-free!
What is Second Empire?
Mansards are often referred to as "Second Empire Mansards". The "Second Empire" refers to the reign of Louis Napoleon, as he established the Second Empire Of France. The Mansard style was originated during this period, hence the name. And, no, there is no such thing as a "First Empire" Mansard.